$$F(t) = \begin {cases} \frac {(t-2)(t+3)}{(t-2)} &\text {if $t \ne 2$,}\\ 1 &\text {if $t = 2$}. \end {cases}$$

Graph of $y = F(t)$.

From the surrounding values, we expected $F(2) = 5$. Instead, we got $F(2) = 1$.

There is nothing wrong with $F$. It is what it is. Our head just saw a pattern and then one of the points didn’t follow our pattern.

We would just like to describe all of this.

Function notation allows us to describe what is there, $F(2) = 1$.

Now, we need a way to communicate our expectation. We expected $F(2) = 5$.

Limits will be our language for expectations.

This is called a two-sided limit, because the behavior on either side of $2$ conveys an expectation of $5$.

We have seen that our expectations may differ on either side.

Graph of $y = G(t)$.

We now have two expectations for the same domain number. The left side of our brain is expecting $G(2)=5$ and that expectation is satisfied. The right side of our brain is expecting $G(2)=1$ and that expectation comes up empty.

• From the left, the negative direction, we expect $G(2)=5$
• From the right, the positive direction, we expect $G(2)=1$

To communicate these one-sided expectations, we include “-” and “+” as superscripts to our limit notation

$$\lim \limits _{t \to 2^-} G(t) = 5$$

$$\lim \limits _{t \to 2^+} G(t) = 1$$

Just communicating function behavior and expectations. We are just developing language and notation and symbols to communicate a full story of the functions were are analyzing.

Don’t fret. Calculus will continue this story to any depth of minutia that you desire. Calculus will extend this story to any number of dimensions that interest you.