Homework 4: Arclength and Curvature

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SOME PROBLEMS COPIED FROM HANDOUTS - NOT SURE OF THEIR SOURCE

Online Problems/Completion Packet

Compute the length of the path $\vec {x}(t)=\left (2,t^2,\frac {1}{3}t^3\right )$ for $-2\leq t\leq 2$ .

Compute the length of the path $\vec {x}(t) = \left (t, 4\sqrt {t}, 2\ln (t)\right )$ for $1\leq t\leq 4$ .

In single variable calculus, you learned the formula $L=\int _a^b\sqrt {1+(f'(x))2}dx$ for the length of the curve defined by $y=f(x)$ for $a\leq x\leq b$ . In this problem, you will show that our new definition for arclength coincides with this single variable formula.

The curve $y=f(x)$ , for $a\leq x\leq b$ , can be parametrized as $\vec {x}(t) = (t,f(t))$ for $a\leq t\leq b$ . Prove that the the length of $\vec {x}(t)$ is $\int _a^b\sqrt {1+(f'(x))2}dx$ .

Consider the path $\vec {x}(t) = \begin {cases} (t,0) & 0\leq t\leq 1\\ (1,t-1) & 1\leq t\leq 2\\ (3-t, 1) & 2\leq t\leq 3\\ (0, 4-t) & 3\leq t\leq 4 \end {cases}.$

(a): Sketch this path.
(b): Is this path $C^1$ ? Explain.
(c): Find the length of the path.

Consider the path $\vec {x}(t) = \left (\frac {\cos (t)}{t^2},\frac {\sin (t)}{t^2}\right )$ for $t\in [1,\infty )$ .

(a): Sketch this path.
(b): Compute $\int _1^\infty \|\vec {x}'(t)\|\;dt$ .
(c): Explain why we consider this path to have finite length, even though the parameter is unbounded.

Find the curvature of $\mathbf {x}(t)=(t,t^{2},t^{3})$ at the point $(1,1,1)$ .

Consider the curve $C$ shown below.

(a): Is the curvature of the curve $C$ greater at $P$ or at $Q$ ? Explain.
(b): Estimate the curvature at $P$ and at $Q$ by sketching the osculating circles at those points.

Each of the graphs below has two curves, $a$ and $b$ . In each case one of the curves is a graph of the curvature of the other. Identify which is the original curve and which is the graph of the curvature. Explain your answers

Find an equation of a parabola that has curvature 4 at the origin. Use the definition of curvature given in class. Make sure to justify your answer with pictures, calculations, and other explanations. Hint: it will help to simplify your calculations at each point. For example, $\mathbf {T}'(t)$ and $\mathbf {T}'(t) \cdot \mathbf {T}'(t)$ may appear messy, but can be greatly simplified.

Written Problems

Compute the length of the path $\vec {x}(t) = (2t^3,3t^2)$ for $0\leq t\leq 5$ .

(a): Parametrize the graph of $y = \ln x$ . At what point does the curve have maximum curvature? What happens to the curvature as $x \to \infty$ ?
(b): Parametrize the graph of $y = e^{x}$ . Without calculating $\kappa (t)$ , answer these questions: At what point does the curve have maximum curvature? What happens to the curvature as $x \to \infty$ ? (Hint: Use the geometric relationship between the functions in parts a and b.)

Professional Problem

In this problem you will prove that the value of the integral used to compute arclength is independent of parametrization. First prove the following version of the chain rule, which will be needed later. Your proof will be evaluated as part of your solution to the professional problem.

Let $\vec {x}:I \to \mathbb {R}^n$ be a smooth path, and $f(t)$ a differentiable function from $\mathbb {R}$ to $\mathbb {R}$ . Then $\frac {d}{dt} \vec {x}\left ( f(t) \right ) = \vec {x}'\left ( f(t) \right ) f'(t).$

Next, prove the following theorem.

Let $\vec {x}: [a,b] \to C$ and $\vec {y}: [c,d] \to C$ be two smooth and simple (that is, not self-intersecting) parametrizations of a curve $C$ in $\mathbb {R}^n$ with the same starting and ending points, so $\vec {x}(a)=\vec {y}(c)$ and $\vec {x}(b)=\vec {y}(d)$ . Then $\int _a^b || \mathbf {x}'(t) || \, dt = \int _c^d || \mathbf {y}'(s) || \, ds.$

Hints:

Define a new function, $f(t) = \vec {y}^{-1} \left ( \vec {x}(t) \right )$ .

Write out the arclength integral in terms of $\vec {x}$ , rewrite $\vec {x}(t)$ as $\vec {y}\left ( f(t) \right )$ , and use the above proposition and $u$ -substitution to transform the left side into the right side.

$\vec {y}^{-1}$ exists, so the definition for $f$ makes sense. (You’ll need to justify this statement.)

$f:[a,b] \to [c,d]$ , $f(a) = c$ and $f(b)=d$ . (You’ll need to justify this statement.)

$f$ is strictly increasing. (You’ll need to justify this statement.)

$\vec {x}(t) = \vec {y}\left ( f(t) \right )$ . (You’ll need to justify this statement.)