Vertical asymptotes

$\newenvironment {prompt}{}{} \newcommand {\todo }[0]{} \newcommand {\npnoround }[0]{\nprounddigits {-1}} \newcommand {\npnoroundexp }[0]{\nproundexpdigits {-1}} \newcommand {\npunitcommand }[1]{\ensuremath {\mathrm {#1}}} \newcommand {\CancelColor }[0]{} \newcommand {\cancelto }[0]{1} \newcommand {\RR }[0]{\mathbb R} \newcommand {\R }[0]{\mathbb R} \newcommand {\N }[0]{\mathbb N} \newcommand {\Z }[0]{\mathbb Z} \newcommand {\d }[0]{\mathop {}\!d} \newcommand {\l }[0]{\ell } \newcommand {\ddx }[0]{\frac {d}{\d x}} \newcommand {\zeroOverZero }[0]{\ensuremath {\boldsymbol {\tfrac {0}{0}}}} \newcommand {\inftyOverInfty }[0]{\ensuremath {\boldsymbol {\tfrac {\infty }{\infty }}}} \newcommand {\zeroOverInfty }[0]{\ensuremath {\boldsymbol {\tfrac {0}{\infty }}}} \newcommand {\zeroTimesInfty }[0]{\ensuremath {\small \boldsymbol {0\cdot \infty }}} \newcommand {\inftyMinusInfty }[0]{\ensuremath {\small \boldsymbol {\infty -\infty }}} \newcommand {\oneToInfty }[0]{\ensuremath {\boldsymbol {1^\infty }}} \newcommand {\zeroToZero }[0]{\ensuremath {\boldsymbol {0^0}}} \newcommand {\inftyToZero }[0]{\ensuremath {\boldsymbol {\infty ^0}}} \newcommand {\numOverZero }[0]{\ensuremath {\boldsymbol {\tfrac {\#}{0}}}} \newcommand {\dfn }[0]{\textbf } \newcommand {\unit }[0]{\mathop {}\!\mathrm } \newcommand {\eval }[1]{\bigg [ #1 \bigg ]} \newcommand {\seq }[1]{\left ( #1 \right )} \newcommand {\epsilon }[0]{\varepsilon } \newcommand {\phi }[0]{\varphi } \newcommand {\iff }[0]{\Leftrightarrow } \DeclareMathOperator {\arccot }{arccot} \DeclareMathOperator {\arcsec }{arcsec} \DeclareMathOperator {\arccsc }{arccsc} \DeclareMathOperator {\si }{Si} \DeclareMathOperator {\proj }{\vec {proj}} \DeclareMathOperator {\scal }{scal} \DeclareMathOperator {\sign }{sign} \newcommand {\arrowvec }[0]{\overrightarrow } \newcommand {\vec }[0]{\mathbf } \newcommand {\veci }[0]{{\boldsymbol {\hat {\imath }}}} \newcommand {\vecj }[0]{{\boldsymbol {\hat {\jmath }}}} \newcommand {\veck }[0]{{\boldsymbol {\hat {k}}}} \newcommand {\vecl }[0]{\boldsymbol {\l }} \newcommand {\uvec }[1]{\mathbf {\hat {#1}}} \newcommand {\utan }[0]{\mathbf {\hat {t}}} \newcommand {\unormal }[0]{\mathbf {\hat {n}}} \newcommand {\ubinormal }[0]{\mathbf {\hat {b}}} \newcommand {\dotp }[0]{\bullet } \newcommand {\cross }[0]{\boldsymbol \times } \newcommand {\grad }[0]{\boldsymbol \nabla } \newcommand {\divergence }[0]{\grad \dotp } \newcommand {\curl }[0]{\grad \cross } \newcommand {\lto }[0]{\mathop {\longrightarrow \,}\limits } \newcommand {\bar }[0]{\overline } \newcommand {\surfaceColor }[0]{violet} \newcommand {\surfaceColorTwo }[0]{redyellow} \newcommand {\sliceColor }[0]{greenyellow} \newcommand {\vector }[1]{\left \langle #1\right \rangle } \newcommand {\sectionOutcomes }[0]{} \newcommand {\HyperFirstAtBeginDocument }[0]{\AtBeginDocument } \newcommand {\epstopdfsetup }[0]{\setkeys {ETE}} changed the theorem header of amsthm failed\MessageBreak }}} \newcommand {\GetTitleStringSetup }[0]{\setkeys {gettitlestring}} \newcommand {\Sectionformat }[2]{#1}$ $% This file was *autogenerated* from digInVerticalAsymptotes.sagetex.sage with % sagetex.py version 2015/08/26 v3.0-92d9f7a %ef9a5f1316540c131899a4c974c3a7e1% md5sum of corresponding .sage file (minus "goboom","current_tex_line",and pause/unpause lines)$

We explore functions that ‘‘shoot to infinity’’ at certain points in their domain.

Consider the function $f(x) = \frac {1}{(x+1)^2}.$

While the $\lim _{x\to -1} f(x)$ does not exist, something can still be said.

If $f(x)$ grows arbitrarily large as $x$ approaches $a$ , we write $\lim _{x\to a} f(x) = \infty$ and say that the limit of $f(x)$ approaches infinity as $x$ goes to $a$ .

If $|f(x)|$ grows arbitrarily large as $x$ approaches $a$ and $f(x)$ is negative, we write $\lim _{x\to a} f(x) = -\infty$ and say that the limit of $f(x)$ approaches negative infinity as $x$ goes to $a$ .

Which of the following are correct?

$\lim _{x\to -1} \frac {1}{(x+1)^2} = \infty$ $\lim _{x\to -1} \frac {1}{(x+1)^2} \to \infty$ $f(x) = \frac {1}{(x+1)^2}$ , so $f(-1) = \infty$ $f(x) = \frac {1}{(x+1)^2}$ , so as $x\to -1$ , $f(x) \to \infty$

On the other hand, consider the function $f(x) = \frac {1}{(x-1)}.$

While the two sides of the limit as $x$ approaches $1$ do not agree, we can still consider the one-sided limits. We see $\lim _{x\to 1^+} f(x) = \infty$ and $\lim _{x\to 1^-} f(x) = -\infty$ .

If at least one of the following hold:

$\lim _{x\to a} f(x) = \pm \infty$ ,
$\lim _{x\to a^+} f(x) = \pm \infty$ ,
$\lim _{x\to a^-} f(x) = \pm \infty$ ,

then the line $x=a$ is a vertical asymptote of $f$ .

Find the vertical asymptotes of $f(x) = \frac {x^2-9x+14}{x^2-5x+6}.$

Start by factoring both the numerator and the denominator: $\frac {x^2-9x+14}{x^2-5x+6} = \frac {(x-2)(x-7)}{(x-2)(x-3)}$ Using limits, we must investigate when $x\to 2$ and $x\to 3$ . Write $\begin{align*} \lim_{x\to 2} \frac{(x-2)(x-7)}{(x-2)(x-3)} &= \lim_{x\to 2} \frac{(x-7)}{(x-3)}\\ &= \frac{-5}{-1}\\ &=5. \end{align*}$

Now write

$\begin{align*} \lim_{x\to 3} \frac{(x-2)(x-7)}{(x-2)(x-3)} &= \lim_{x\to 3} \frac{(x-7)}{(x-3)}\\ &= \lim_{x\to 3}\frac{-4}{x-3}. \end{align*}$

Consider the one-sided limits separately. Since $\lim _{x\to 3^+} (x-3)$ approaches $0$ from the right and the numerator is negative, $\lim _{x\to 3^+} f(x) = -\infty$ . Since $\lim _{x\to 3^-} (x-3)$ approaches $0$ from the left and the numerator is negative, $\lim _{x\to 3^-} f(x) = \infty$ .

Hence we have a vertical asymptote at $x=3$ .