Learning Outcomes

After completing this chapter, students should be able to do the following.

  • Discuss orthogonal and orthonormal bases, Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization, orthogonal complements and projections.
  • Explain how orthogonal projections relate to least square approximations.
  • Discuss general inner product spaces and symmetric matrices, and associated norms.
  • Discuss the singular value decomposition of a matrix.