The product of vector with a positive scalar , is a vector that points in the same direction as , and whose length is equal to the length of multiplied by . For example, the figure below shows vectors and . The vectors point in the same direction but the magnitude of is twice the magnitude of .
If a vector is multiplied by , the resulting vector is denoted by . It has the same length as vector , but points in the opposite direction.
We know what scalar multiplication accomplishes geometrically. Our goal now is to translate this idea to an algebraic operation.
Consider to be the hypotenuse of a right triangle.
The head of should be the midpoint of the hypotenuse.
From our study of similar triangles in geometry, we know that if we drop perpendiculars from the midpoint of the hypotenuse to the two legs of the triangle, the perpendiculars will bisect the legs.
This tells us that to find and components of we must multiply each component of by .
Explorations init:scalarmult and init:negscalarmult give rise to the following definition of scalar multiplication.
If (), then , and we say that and are scalar multiples of each other.There are two ways to add vectors geometrically.
Given vectors and , we can find the sum by sliding so as to place its tail at the head of vector . The vector connecting the tail of with the head of is the sum , as shown in the figure below.
This sum can be interpreted as the total displacement that occurs when traveling along the two vectors starting at the tail of and finishing at the head of .
Note that if we place the tail of at the head of instead, the sum vector will be the same as . Thus, addition of vectors is commutative.
Most of the time we deal with vectors in standard position. So all vector tails are located at the origin. This motivates the parallelogram method for adding vectors.
Observe that if we slide vectors and so that their tails are together, the two vectors determine a parallelogram.
Opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent and parallel.
Applying the “head-to-tail” addition method shows that the sum is the diagonal of the parallelogram determined by and .
We now know how to add vectors geometrically. Our next goal is to translate this idea to an algebraic operation.
To use “head-to-tail” addition method, or to construct the side of a parallelogram opposite of , we want to slide so that its tail is at the point . Observe that has a “run” of and a “rise” of . If we start at , go over then up , we will land on .
The sum is shown below.
We see that the components of can be found by adding the components of and .
Exploration init:vectoradd motivates the following definition.
Vectors in , , and have the advantage in that we can gain insight into their behavior through visualization. Vectors in and are the easiest to visualize. Vectors in are a little trickier. The following exploration will help you visualize addition of vectors in .
The sum of two vectors can be visualized as the diagonal of a parallelogram. The sum of three (non-co-planar) vectors is the diagonal of a three-dimensional counterpart of a parallelogram, called a parallelepiped. Each face of the parallelepiped is a parallelogram determined by two out of the three given vectors. The following GeoGebra exercise will help you visualize the sum of three vectors as the diagonal of a parallelepiped.
Define vectors , and . The sum is the diagonal of the parallelepiped. RIGHT-CLICK and DRAG the left panel to rotate the graph.
We can find the difference of two vectors by interpreting subtraction as “addition of the opposite”. Thus, Vector subtraction has an interesting geometric interpretation. As shown in the figure below, if is a diagonal of the parallelogram determined by and , the difference is the other diagonal of the same parallelogram.
We will prove Properties item:inversevectoradd and item:distvectoradd. Proofs of the remaining properties are left to the reader.
Problems prob:evaluatevectsumdiff1-prob:evaluatevectsumdiff2
Let Find each of the following