We give more contexts to understand integrals.
Velocity and displacement, speed and distance
Some values include ‘‘direction’’ that is relative to some fixed point.
- is the velocity of an object at time . This represents the ‘‘change in position’’ at time .
- is the position of an object at time . This gives location with respect to the origin. If we can assume that , then
- is the displacement, the distance between the starting and finishing locations.
On the other hand speed and distance are values without ‘‘direction.’’
Average value
Conceptualizing definite integrals as ‘‘signed area’’ works great as long as one can actually visualize the ‘‘area.’’ In some cases, a better metaphor for integrals comes from the idea of average value. Looking back to your days as an even younger mathematician, you may recall the idea of an average: If we want to know the average value of a function, a naive approach might be to partition the interval into equally spaced subintervals, and choose any in . The average of , , …, is: Multiply this last expression by :
where . Ah! On the right we have a Riemann Sum! Now take the limit as : This leads us to our next definition:The average value of a function gives the height of a single rectangle whose area is equal to
An application of this definition is given in the next example.
What is the average velocity of the object?
When we take the average of a finite set of values, it does not matter how we order those values. When we are taking the average value of a function, however, we need to be more careful.
For instance, there are at least two different ways to make sense of a vague phrase like ‘‘The average height of a point on the unit semi circle’’
See if you can understand intuitively why the average using should be larger than the average using .
Mean value theorem for integrals
Just as we have a Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives, we also have a Mean Value Theorem for Integrals.
This is an existential statement. The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals tells us:
The average value of a continuous function is in the range of the function.
We demonstrate the principles involved in this version of the Mean Value Theorem in the following example.