We will give some general guidelines for sketching the plot of a function.
- Find the -intercept, this is the point . Place this point on your graph.
- Find any vertical asymptotes, these are points where goes to infinity as goes to (from the right, left, or both).
- If possible, find the -intercepts, the points where . Place these points on your graph.
- Analyze end behavior: as , what happens to the graph of ? Does it have horizontal asymptotes, increase or decrease without bound, or have some other kind of behavior?
- Compute and .
- Find the critical points (the points where or is undefined).
- Use either the first or second derivative test to identify local extrema and/or find the intervals where your function is increasing/decreasing.
- Find the candidates for inflection points, the points where or is undefined.
- Identify inflection points and concavity.
- Determine an interval that shows all relevant behavior.
At this point you should be able to sketch the plot of your function.
The -intercept is . Place this point on your plot.
Which of the following are vertical asymptotes? Select all that apply.
In this case, , we can find the -intercepts. There are three intercepts. Call them , , and , and order them such that . Then
Which of the following best describes the end behavior of as ?
Compute and ,
On the other hand
The critical points are where , thus we need to solve for . This equation has two solutions. If we call them and , with , then what are and ?
Mark the critical points and on your plot.
Similarly, since for , and , the derivative is negative there, and, therefore, our function is decreasing on .
And, for , both factors and are positive, and, therefore, our function is increasing on .
Hence , corresponding to the point is a local maximum and , corresponding to the point is local minimum of . Identify this on your plot.
In order to locate inflection points, we have to solve the equation , thus we need to solve for .
The solution to this is .
This is only a possible inflection point; we still have to check whether concavity
changes there.
We have that for , therefore is concave downon .
Similarly, for , therefore is concave up on .
So, concavity changes at , and therefore, this point is a point of inflection.
Since all of this behavior as described above occurs on the interval , we now have a complete sketch of on this interval, see the figure below.
Try this on your own first, then either check with a friend, a graphing calculator (like Desmos), or check the online version.
Since this function is piecewise defined, we will analyze the the graph of on intervals and separately.
Because is piecewise defined, and potentially discontinuous at , it is important to understand the behavior of near .
Moreover,
Record this information on our graph with filled and unfilled circles.
Which of the following are vertical asymptotes on ? Select all that apply.
Which of the following are vertical asymptotes on ? Select all that apply.
Which of the following best describes the end behavior of as ?
Which of the following best describes the end behavior of as ?
We mark the location of the horizontal asymptote:
The derivative of on is
The derivative of on is
The critical points are the points where or does not exist. is a critical point, since we have already seen it is a point of discontinuity for , and thus does not exist there. On the interval , has a critical point at . On the interval , has a critical point at . Mark the critical points and on your plot.
Does the function have a critical point at ? Explain.
On the interval , the derivative and has the same sign as the factor , which is
negative.
Therefore, is decreasing on .
On the interval , the derivative has the same sign as the factor , which is positive.
Therefore, is increasing on .
On the interval , the derivative does not change the sign.
Since , it follows that is decreasing on .
On the interval , the derivative does not change the sign. Since , is increasing on .
The second derivative of on is The candidates for the inflection points are points where .
On , has one zero, namely . The sign of changes from negative to positive] at this point.
On , has one zero, namely . The sign of changes from negative to positive] through this point.
Since all of this behavior as described above occurs on the interval , we now have a complete sketch of on this interval, see the figure below.